Mannitol

Mannitol is a sugar alcohol used for various medical and industrial applications. Here are some of its primary uses:

### Medical Uses

1. **Diuretic**: Mannitol is commonly used as an osmotic diuretic to promote diuresis (increased urine production) in conditions such as acute kidney injury, renal failure, or to prevent kidney damage during certain surgical procedures.

2. **Cerebral Edema**: It helps reduce intracranial pressure by drawing fluid out of the brain, making it useful in treating conditions like traumatic brain injury, stroke, or cerebral edema.

3. **Glaucoma**: Mannitol can be used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients, especially in emergencies when rapid reduction is necessary.

4. **Drug Delivery**: In pharmaceutical formulations, mannitol serves as an excipient and bulking agent, enhancing the stability and solubility of various medications.

5. **Diagnostic Agent**: It may be used in certain diagnostic tests, such as to assess renal function.

### Industrial Uses

1. **Food Industry**: Mannitol is used as a sugar substitute in low-calorie and sugar-free products. It can also act as a humectant and stabilizer.

2. **Cosmetics**: It is found in various cosmetic products due to its moisturizing properties.

3. **Pharmaceuticals**: Besides its use as an excipient, mannitol is employed in the production of tablets and as a filler in capsules.

### Side Effects

While mannitol is generally safe when used appropriately, it can cause side effects, including:

- Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalances
- Headaches
- Nausea
- Vomiting

### Contraindications

Mannitol should be used cautiously or avoided in patients with:

- Severe renal impairment
- Pulmonary congestion
- Active intracranial hemorrhage

Always consult with a healthcare provider before using mannitol for any medical condition.